1.  https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/e-stim#:~:text=What%20is%20e%2Dstim%3F,muscles%20to%20make%20them%20contract. 

    “E-stim therapy for muscle recovery sends signals to targeted muscles to make them contract. By causing repeated muscle contractions, blood flow improves, helping repair injured muscles.”

  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972497/ 

    • “TENS improved movement pain and fatigue, increased pain thresholds both at and outside of the site of stimulation, and increased conditioned pain modulation.”

  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746624/ 

    • “Basic scientific evidence suggests that there are peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms underlying the analgesic action of TENS.”

  4. https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/90/9/1219/2737947 

    • “Interferential current therapy included in a multimodal treatment plan seems to produce a pain-relieving effect in acute and chronic musculoskeletal painful conditions compared with no treatment or placebo.”

  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857445/ 

    • “Subjects were concluded that electrical therapy could improve structural alignment”

  6. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/216507999804600502 

    • “HVPC appears to be an effective method for minimizing the severity of repetitive stress injuries of the wrist.”

  7. https://www.biof.com/onlinestore/alpha/pdf/mercola-medicine.pdf 

    • “[Microcurrent electrical therapy] can easily and safely control pain and accelerate healing.”

  8. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323632 

    • “TENS units work by delivering small electrical impulses through electrodes that have adhesive pads to attach them to a person’s skin. These electrical impulses flood the nervous system, reducing its ability to transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain.”

  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4589923/ 

    • “Clinical experience suggests that TENS is useful for acute and chronic pain of nociceptive, neuropathic and musculoskeletal origin.”

  10. https://www.archives-pmr.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0003-9993%2803%2900478-7 

    • “The premodulation of applied currents is advantageous in terms of torque production and perceived comfort compared with constant-amplitude currents”

  11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3375668/ 

    • “[Electrical stimulation] is effective for improving muscle strength, blood flow, decreasing atrophy, healing tissue, and decreasing pain.”